ESMO复盘:最新抗癌进展,你了解多少?
今日(10月24日),广受业界关注的2018年ESMO年会在德国慕尼黑落下帷幕,短短5天的会议带来了大量精彩的抗癌临床进展,也让我们看到了更多治疗癌症的希望。在今天的这篇文章中,药明康德微信团队将与各位读者一道回顾本次ESMO年会上的一些亮点。
个体化疗法的成功
随着科研人员对癌症机理的认识不断加深,采用生物标志物对患者进行细分,从而找出最适合特定患者的个体化疗法的治疗策略得到更广泛的应用。
例如:诺华(Novartis)公司的在研新药BYL719(alpelisib)是一种α特异性PI3K抑制剂。当它与fulvestrant结合,有针对性地治疗携带PIK3CA突变的HR+/HER2-晚期或转移性乳腺癌患者时,能够将患者的PFS提高接近一倍。但是如果患者不携带PIK3CA突变,这一药物并不能改善他们的PFS。这一结果一方面表明,对于合适的患者,有针对性的疗法可以取得非常显著的疗效。同时,它也凸显出通过生物标志物细分患者群对发挥个体化疗法威力的重要性。
Lynparza疗法PFS结果摘要(图片来源:阿斯利康官网)
PARP抑制剂在本次ESMO年会上表现十分突出。阿斯利康(AstraZeneca)和默沙东(MSD)公司联合开发的Lynparza作为维持疗法,能够将携带BRCA基因突变的晚期卵巢癌患者的疾病进展风险降低70%。这种疾病进展风险的降低程度不但统计显著,而且有非常重要的临床意义。
个体性疗法的另一结果是对癌症的治疗不再以过去的发病部位来确定治疗方法,而是以患者携带的致病基因突变为指导。PARP抑制剂不但可以在携带BRCA突变的乳腺癌和卵巢癌患者身上获得显著疗效。还可以在携带BRCA突变的前列腺癌患者身上获得显著疗效,Clovis Oncology的PARP抑制剂Rubraca在去势抵抗性前列腺癌患者身上获得了44%的客观缓解率(ORR)。
而Loxo Oncology和拜耳(Bayer)的原肌球蛋白受体激酶(TRK)抑制剂larotrectinib继续在携带NTRK融合变异的癌症患者中表现出良好的疗效,ORR达到81%。
这种针对携带特定基因变异的肿瘤开发高度选择性药物的方法也在其它公司中进行。罗氏(Roche)旗下基因泰克(Genentech)开发TRK和ROS1抑制剂entrectinib在治疗携带NTRK和ROS1基因融合的患者2期临床试验中达到了57.4%的ORR。这些患者的肿瘤包括乳腺癌,结直肠癌,神经内分泌癌,非小细胞肺癌等多种类型。可以预见,针对遗传特征进行的“泛癌症”治疗方向将代表个体化疗法的未来。
免疫疗法组合跻身一线疗法
免疫疗法在治疗癌症方面已经显示出卓越的潜力,目前,PD-1/PD-L1抑制剂已经在超过20种癌症适应症中得到了应用。将免疫疗法与其它靶向疗法、化疗或免疫疗法构成免疫组合疗法是各家公司开发的重要方向,今年的ESMO上免疫组合疗法也带来了不少可喜的进展。
百时美施贵宝(BMS)公司的PD-1抑制剂Opdivo(nivolumab)和CTLA-4抑制剂Yervoy(ipilimumab)构成的免疫组合疗法在作为一线疗法,在治疗晚期或转移性肾细胞癌(RCC)的3期临床试验中,显著提高了患者无治疗生存期(treatment-free survival, TFS)。在至少随访30个月的患者中,36%接受组合疗法的患者仍然生存并且不需要后续疗法,而使用目前标准疗法的对照组的数值为16%。
除了在RCC患者身上表现出良好疗效以外,Opdivo和Yervoy的组合在治疗晚期黑色素瘤,和MSI-H或dMMR转移性结直肠癌患者时也表现出喜人的疗效。
默沙东(MSD)的PD-1抑制剂Keytruda与辉瑞的Inlyta构成的组合疗法,在作为一线疗法治疗晚期或转移性RCC时,显著提高了患者的总生存期(OS)和PFS。
而Keytruda单药或与化疗构成的组合疗法,作为一线疗法治疗复发或转移性头颈癌时,也表现出了良好的疗效。与目前的标准治疗方法相比,能够将PD-L1表达指数(CPS)超过20的患者的OS提高39%(p=0.0007)。在PD-L1表达指数超过1 的患者中,OS的提高幅度为22%(p=0.0086)。
在PD-L1抑制剂方面,基因泰克(Genentech)公司的Tecentriq与化疗药物Abraxane构成的组合疗法在治疗三阴性乳腺癌(TNBC)这一非常难治的癌症种类的临床试验中,统计显著降低了患者疾病进展或死亡的风险。名为IMpassion130的研究结果表明,Tecentriq与Abraxane构成的免疫组合疗法,在意向治疗患者中,将患者的PFS从5.5个月提高到7.2个月(p=0.0025)。
Tecentriq与化疗(卡铂加Abraxane)构成的组合疗法在作为一线疗法治疗非鳞状非小细胞肺癌时,与化疗相比,也能够显著提高患者的OS和PFS。
值得一提的是,在ESMO上发布的这些临床试验中,免疫疗法作为单药或组合疗法,都是在一线情况下治疗多种癌症并且表现出良好的疗效。作为一线疗法治疗确诊患者,将成为免疫疗法发展的方向。
中国自主研发新药带来可喜结果
我们很高兴地看到,在ESMO年会上,中国的医药公司也带来了它们自主研发的抗癌新药的可喜进展。
深圳微芯生物(Chipscreen Biosciences)公司开发的西达本胺(chidamide)是一款自主研发的表观遗传调控剂,能够有选择性地抑制组蛋白去乙酰化酶(HDAC)的活性。它已经获得中国药监局批准用于治疗淋巴瘤。而在这次ESMO大会上,该公司发布了西达本胺与内分泌疗法结合,治疗HR+,HER2-的晚期乳腺癌患者的3期临床试验结果。试验结果表明西达本胺组合疗法与内分泌疗法相比,能够显著提高患者的PFS。西达本胺组PFS为7.4个月,活性对照组为3.8个月(p=0.0336)。这是第一次HDAC抑制剂在治疗晚期乳腺癌患者的随机3期试验中获得积极结果。
百济神州(BeiGene)在ESMO年会上公布了该公司研发的PARP抑制剂pamiparib与化疗药物temozolomide构成的组合疗法,在治疗多种实体瘤患者的1b期临床试验结果。Pamiparib是百济神州开发的创新PARP抑制剂,它具备跨越血脑屏障的能力,而且除了抑制PARP活性以外,能够将PARP束缚在DNA损伤位点。 在1b期临床试验中,这一组合疗法在多种癌症类型的患者身上显示出疗效,其中包括前列腺癌,胰腺癌,和小细胞癌患者。这些结果鼓励研究人员进一步推动对这一组合疗法的临床开发。
我们期待未来听到更多关于癌症治疗的好消息,早日打赢这场与癌症的战争,为癌症患者们带来福音。
参考资料:
[1] BeiGene Presents Preliminary Clinical Data on PARP Inhibitor Pamiparib in Combination with Low-Dose Temozolomide in Patients with Solid Tumors at European Society for Medical Oncology (ESMO) 2018 Congress. Retrieved October 22, 2018, from https://www.nasdaq.com/press-release/beigene-presents-preliminary-clinical-data-on-parp-inhibitor-pamiparib-in-combination-with-lowdose-20181022-00334
[2] Epigenetic therapy worth pursuing in hormone receptor positive advanced breast cancer. Retrieved October 22, 2018, from https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2018-10/esfm-etw102018.php
[3] Genentech’s Tecentriq Plus Chemotherapy (Carboplatin and Abraxane) as an Initial Treatment Helped People With Advanced Non-Squamous Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Live Significantly Longer Compared to Chemotherapy Alone. Retrieved October 23, 2018, from https://www.gene.com/media/press-releases/14760/2018-10-22/genentechs-tecentriq-plus-chemotherapy-c
[4] Genentech’s Tecentriq in Combination With Abraxane Improves Outcomes as an Initial Treatment for People With PD-L1-Positive Metastatic Triple-Negative Breast Cancer. Retrieved October 23, 2018 from https://www.gene.com/media/press-releases/14758/2018-10-20/genentechs-tecentriq-in-combination-with
[5] Merck’s KEYTRUDA® (pembrolizumab) in Combination with Pfizer’s Inlyta® (axitinib) Significantly Improved Overall Survival (OS) and Progression-free Survival (PFS) as First-Line Therapy for Advanced or Metastatic Renal Cell Carcinoma. Retrieved October 23, 2018 from https://www.mrknewsroom.com/news-release/oncology-newsroom/mercks-keytruda-pembrolizumab-combination-pfizers-inlyta-axitinib-sig
[6] ESMO: Merck's Keytruda, alone and in combo, makes its case for earlier use in head and neck cancer. Retrieved October 22, 2018, from https://www.fiercepharma.com/pharma/esmo-merck-s-keytruda-alone-and-combo-makes-its-case-for-earlier-use-head-and-neck-cancer
[7] ESMO 2018: BMS' Opdivo Shines in Renal Cell Carcinoma Results. Retrieved October 22, 2018, from https://www.biospace.com/article/bms-opdivo-shines-in-renal-cell-carcinoma-results/
[8] Opdivo (nivolumab) in Combination with Yervoy (ipilimumab) Demonstrates Durable Four-Year Survival Benefits in Patients with Advanced Melanoma. Retrieved October 22, 2018, from https://www.biospace.com/article/releases/opdivo-nivolumab-in-combination-with-yervoy-ipilimumab-demonstrates-durable-four-year-survival-benefits-in-patients-with-advanced-melanoma/
[9] Opdivo (nivolumab) Plus Low-Dose Yervoy (ipilimumab) Demonstrates Durable Clinical Benefit in Previously Untreated Patients with MSI-H or dMMR Metastatic Colorectal Cancer. Retrieved October 22, 2018, from https://www.biospace.com/article/releases/opdivo-nivolumab-plus-low-dose-yervoy-ipilimumab-demonstrates-durable-clinical-benefit-in-previously-untreated-patients-with-msi-h-or-dmmr-metastatic-colorectal-cancer/
[10] ESMO 2018: 60% of Ovarian Cancer Patients Receiving Lynparza Were Progression-Free at 3 Years. Retrieved October 22, 2018, from https://www.biospace.com/article/esmo-2018-60-percent-of-ovarian-cancer-patients-receiving-lymparza-were-progression-free-at-3-years/
[11] Loxo Oncology Announces Larotrectinib Clinical Update in Patients with TRK Fusion Cancers at the European Society for Medical Oncology 2018 Congress. Retrieved October 23, 2018, from https://globenewswire.com/news-release/2018/10/21/1624355/0/en/Loxo-Oncology-Announces-Larotrectinib-Clinical-Update-in-Patients-with-TRK-Fusion-Cancers-at-the-European-Society-for-Medical-Oncology-2018-Congress.html
[12] Genentech’s Investigational Personalized Medicine Entrectinib Shrank Tumors in People With NTRK Fusion-Positive Solid Tumors. Retrieved October 23, 2018, from https://www.gene.com/media/press-releases/14759/2018-10-21/genentechs-investigational-personalized-
[13] Novartis investigational BYL719 (alpelisib) plus fulvestrant nearly doubles median PFS in patients with PIK3CA mutated HR+/HER2- advanced breast cancer compared to fulvestrant alone. Retrieved, October 22, 2018, from https://globenewswire.com/news-release/2018/10/20/1624341/0/en/Novartis-investigational-BYL719-alpelisib-plus-fulvestrant-nearly-doubles-median-PFS-in-patients-with-PIK3CA-mutated-HR-HER2-advanced-breast-cancer-compared-to-fulvestrant-alone.html